Some languages and transliteration systems use the apostrophe to mark the presence, or the lack of, palatalization: Some languages use the apostrophe to separate the root of a word and its affixes, especially if the root is foreign and unassimilated. The Microsoft Windows code page CP1252 (sometimes incorrectly called ANSI or ISO-Latin) contains the typographic apostrophe at 0x92. Where a singular noun ends in a sibilant sound, the plural is formed by adding /ɪz/ or /əz/ (in some transcription systems, this is abbreviated as /ᵻz/). Scientific abbreviations for words of Latin origin ending in -a, such as SN for supernova, can form a plural by adding -e, as SNe for supernovae. [35] Still others prefer to omit the apostrophe when there is an s sound before sake: for morality's sake, but for convenience sake. : mainly US (shop: retail outlet): tienda nf nombre femenino: Sustantivo de género exclusivamente femenino, que lleva los artículos la o una en singular, y las o unas en plural. How many bananas? Many earlier (pre-1985) computer displays and printers rendered the ASCII apostrophe as a typographic apostrophe, and rendered the grave accent ` ('back tick',0x60, 96) as a matching left single quotation mark. So an apostrophe followed by s was often used to mark a plural, especially when the noun was a loan word (and especially a word ending in a, as in the two comma's). See below for more information. However, there could be the many "sands of Africa"—either many distinct stretches of sand, or distinct types of sand of interest to geologists or builders, or simply the allusive The Sands of Mars. For most singular nouns the ending 's is added; e.g., the cat's whiskers. The spelling usually adds -s, but certain instances (detailed below) may add -es instead: Singular nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant in many cases spell the plural by adding -es (pronounced /z/): However many nouns of foreign origin, including almost all Italian loanwords, add only -s: Nouns ending in a vocalic y (that is, used as a vowel) preceded by a consonant usually drop the y and add -ies (pronounced /iz/, or /aiz/ in words where the y is pronounced /ai/): Words ending in quy also follow this pattern, since in English qu is a digraph for a single consonant sound: However, proper nouns (particularly names of people) of this type usually form their plurals by simply adding -s:[1][2] the two Kennedys, there are three Harrys in our office. ("volumes"). [76], Apostrophes used in a non-standard manner to form noun plurals are known as greengrocers' apostrophes or grocers' apostrophes, often written as greengrocer's apostrophes[79] or grocer's apostrophes. However, when entering English, the final s of chupacabras was treated as a plural of the compound (i.e. For example, unemployed and homeless can be used to mean "unemployed people" and "homeless people", as in There are two million unemployed. [80] They are sometimes humorously called greengrocers apostrophe's, rogue apostrophes, or idiot's apostrophes (a literal translation of the German word Deppenapostroph, which criticises the misapplication of apostrophes in Denglisch). The British pop group Hear'Say famously made unconventional use of an apostrophe in its name. The spelling adds -s: Some that end in /f/ or /θ/, however, are "near-regular." Some specific cases: For abbreviations, acronyms, etc., use of s without an apostrophe is now more common than its use with an apostrophe, but for single lowercase letters, pluralization with 's is usual.[69][70][71]. Words ending in a y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding -s: However the plural form (rarely used) of money is usually monies, although moneys is also found. not joint possession).[16]. The name of the Greek sandwich style gyros is increasingly undergoing a similar transformation. Its use for indicating plural "possessive" forms was not standard before the middle of the 19th century. A quantity of one may sometimes be grammatically inflected as plural. [6] Similarly, nearly all kinds of fish have no separate plural form (though there are exceptions—such as rays, sharks or lampreys). 's Paulette Whitten recorded Bob Wilson's story";[20] Washington, D.C.'s museums[21] (assuming that the prevailing style requires full stops in D.C.). However, if it has already been established that one item was in question, one can use no to deny that such an item exists in the singular: The interrogative pronouns who and what generally take singular agreement,[26] e.g. Learn more. Other examples include ll. EnglishClub: Learn English: Vocabulary: Topic Vocabulary: Numbers: Decimal Numbers Decimal Numbers. Truss says this usage is no longer considered proper in formal writing. ", "...in educated everyday usage as represented by the, "The word agenda, for example, was originally plural (from, American and British English grammatical differences, Germanic umlaut § I-mutation in Old English, § Singulars with collective meaning treated as plural, http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF3/334.html, "Summary of dictionary sources and scholarly usage", "Oxford Dictionaries - The World's Most Trusted Dictionary Provider", UoN Style Book – Singular or plural – Media and Public Relations Office – The University of Nottingham, "Open Learning - OpenLearn - Open University", "What are the plurals of 'octopus', 'h... - Oxford Dictionaries", "Inuit, Inuk (Linguistic recommendation from the Translation Bureau)", Rules for Irregular Plural Formation of Nouns, An Algorithmic Approach to English Pluralization, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_plurals&oldid=1007859724, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, (particularly when referring to a team of draft (draught) animals, sometimes, (archaic/regional; actually earlier plural "kye" [cf. [37], The English possessive of French nouns ending in a silent s, x, or z is addressed by various style guides. The solution was to use an apostrophe after the plural s (as in girls' dresses). The nonstandard, offensive, and now obsolete Chinee and Portugee singulars are back-formations from the standard Chinese and Portuguese. When the modifier is a vaguer expression of number, either pattern may be followed: When the word has a specific meaning rather than being a simple expression of quantity, it is pluralized as an ordinary noun: This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 08:27. For example, in the expressions "the school's headmaster", "the men's department", and "tomorrow's weather", the school does not own/possess the headmaster, men don't own/possess the department, and tomorrow does not/will not own the weather. Scots "kye"—"cows"] plus, (rare, found in some regional dialects, used by, encyclopaedia (or encyclopædia) / encyclopedia, encyclopaedias / encyclopedias (encyclopaediae and encyclopediae are rare), agendum (obsolete, not listed in most dictionaries), agenda means a "list of items of business at a meeting" and has the plural, data (Now usually treated as a singular mass noun in both informal and educated usage, but usage in scientific publications shows a strong American/British divide. Den kalles ofte i amerikansk dagligtale for bucks.. In February 2007 Arkansas historian Parker Westbrook successfully petitioned State Representative Steve Harrelson to settle once and for all that the correct possessive should not be. [5] It was introduced into English in the 16th century in imitation of French practice. See section below. The apostrophe (' or ’) is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. This is common with certain nationalities: the British, the Dutch, the English, the French, the Irish, the Spanish, the Welsh, and those where the adjective and noun singular and plural are identical anyway, including the Swiss and those in -ese (the Chinese etc.). French-loaned compounds with a head at the beginning tend to pluralize both words, according to French practice: For compounds adopted directly from French where the head comes at the end, it is acceptable to pluralize either both words or only the last:[21]. There is often a policy of leaving off the additional s on any such name, but this can prove problematic when specific names are contradictory (for example, St James' Park in Newcastle [the football ground] and the area of St. James's Park in London). Example: The water of the Arctic ocean is freezing. The typewriter apostrophe, ', was inherited by computer keyboards, and is the only apostrophe character available in the (7-bit) ASCII character encoding, at code value 0x27 (39). (Some of these are Greek rather than Latin words, but the method of plural formation in English is the same.) it designates the combined set of Jack's children and Jill's children. Colloquial usages based in a humorous fashion on the second declension include Elvii (better Latin would be Elvēs or Elvidēs) to refer to multiple Elvis impersonators and Loti, used by petrolheads to refer to Lotus automobiles in the plural. The 11th edition of the standard Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2006) lists film noirs as the preferred style. Rules that modify or extend the standard principle have included the following: Although less common, some contemporary writers still follow the older practice of omitting the second s in all cases ending with a sibilant, but usually not when written -x or -xe. Names that are not strictly native to English sometimes have an apostrophe substituted to represent other characters (see also As a mark of elision, below). For example: Furthermore, an apostrophe may be used to indicate a glottal stop in transliterations. For this French-loaned artistic term, English-language texts variously use as the plural films noirs, films noir and, most prevalently, film noirs. [81], UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson's letter to EU President Donald Tusk of 19 October 2019 regarding a Brexit extension contained a well-publicised and ridiculed[82] grocer's apostrophe. A single piece of data is sometimes referred to as a, "Sometimes scientists think of data as plural, as in, "...of the 136 distinguished consultants on usage polled for the 1975 Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage, 49% responded that they use "The data is..." in writing. See 6 authoritative translations of Cambio in English with example sentences, phrases and audio pronunciations. For these, see § Teams and their members below. This may cause confusion for those familiar with the Classical Latin pronunciation /ænˈtɛnaɪ/. I 1995 var over 380 milliarder amerikanske dollar i omløp, og i april 2004 hadde dette økt til nesten 700 milliarder. If the latter meaning is intended, the word (though singular in form) may be treated as if it were a plural, in that it may take a plural verb and be replaced with a plural pronoun: (in British English) the government are considering their position (alternatively the government is considering its position). For example. This is because Attic Greek is what is taught in classes in Greek in Western Europe, and therefore was the Greek that the word borrowers knew. [24] In the examples below, the original plural is now commonly used as a singular, and in some cases a regular English plural (effectively a double plural) has been formed from it. The issue of the use of the apostrophe arises when the coordinate construction includes a noun (phrase) and a pronoun. Some words have irregular plurals that do not fit any of the types given here. The choice of a form can often depend on context: for a scholar, the plural of appendix is appendices (following the original language); for some physicians, the plural of appendix is appendixes. The plurals of a few nouns are formed from the singular by adding -n or -en, stemming from the Old English weak declension. Ot is pronounced os (with unvoiced s) in the Ashkenazi dialect. While Newcastle United play football at a stadium called St James' Park, and Exeter City at St James Park, London has a St James's Park (this whole area of London is named after the parish of St James's Church, Piccadilly[48]). Sometimes forms other than the nominative are seen: in partibus infidelibus ("in the lands of the heathens"), which is the plural dative (indirect object, approximately). A similar facility may be offered on web servers after submitting text in a form field, e.g. English has borrowed a great many words from Classical Latin and Classical Greek. )", Unicode input#In X11 (Linux and other Unix variants), The Dreaded Apostrophe: An approach using a single rule only, A humorous guide to proper and improper usage of the apostrophe, Humble apostrophe reprieved in council U-turn |The Times, The Ultimate Flowchart to Using Apostrophes (Infographic), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostrophe&oldid=1005618373, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with dead external links from May 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Old English (ca. For example, when I have two grains of sand, I do not have two sands; I have sand. For example: Finally, in "scientific" transliteration of Cyrillic script, the apostrophe usually represents the soft sign ь, though in "ordinary" transliteration it is usually omitted. heads of state): With extended compounds constructed around o, only the last term is pluralized (or left unchanged if it is already plural): See also the Headless nouns section below. As to the word fish itself, the plural is usually identical to the singular, although fishes is sometimes used, especially when meaning "species of fish". In English, it is used for three purposes:[1], The word apostrophe comes ultimately from Greek ἡ ἀπόστροφος [προσῳδία] (hē apóstrophos [prosōidía], '[the accent of] turning away or elision'), through Latin and French. "his writing uses a lot of but's"). English (like Latin and certain other European languages) can form a plural of certain one-letter abbreviations by doubling the letter: p. ("page"), pp. These are nouns and are pluralized in typical fashion: Some compounds have one head with which they begin. Fractions are themselves singular or plural depending on the numerator (e.g. For the (especially British) treatment of teams as plural even if they have singular names, see § Singulars with collective meaning treated as plural above. The C programming language (and many derived languages like C++, Java, C#, and Scala) uses apostrophes to delimit a character literal. It is rare to pluralize furniture in this way (though it was formerly more common) and information is never pluralized. (This does not always apply; for example, there is the Minnesota Lynx, not *Lynxes.) Truss comments that "the naming of Hear'Say in 2001 was [...] a significant milestone on the road to punctuation anarchy".[94]. Such conversion is not always correct. Axes (/ˈæksiːz/), the plural of axis, is pronounced differently from axes (/ˈæksᵻz/), the plural of ax(e). [78] A 2008 survey found that nearly half of the UK adults polled were unable to use the apostrophe correctly. In English, adjectives virtually always precede the nouns they modify: a blue car, a big house. Word Formation b. So the following plurals are standard. For singular forms, the modern possessive or genitive inflection is a survival from certain genitive inflections in Old English, for which the apostrophe originally marked the loss of the old e (for example, lambes became lamb's). Each of these four phrases (listed in Steven Pinker's The Language Instinct) has a distinct meaning: Kingsley Amis, on being challenged to produce a sentence whose meaning depended on a possessive apostrophe, came up with: Some singular nouns are pronounced with a sibilant sound at the end: /s/ or /z/. [24] Such authorities demand possessive singulars like these: Bridget Jones's Diary; Tony Adams's friend; my boss's job; the US's economy. (or §§) ("sections"), vv. To indicate a decimal number we use a point (.) The pair specie and species both come from a Latin word meaning "kind", but they do not form a singular-plural pair. Outside the world of professional typesetting and graphic design, many people do not know how to enter this character and instead use the typewriter apostrophe ( ' ). Alternatively, typing Control-Z (for Undo) immediately after entering the apostrophe will convert it back to a typewriter apostrophe. Because of the very close similarity of the typewriter apostrophe and typewriter double quote to prime and double prime, substitution in informal contexts is ubiquitous but they are deprecated in contexts where proper typography is important. Exceptions are accounted for in the same way: three months pregnant (in modern usage, one says neither pregnant of three months, nor one month(')s pregnant). Amerikansk dollar (engelska: United States dollar, förkortning: USD eller US-dollar), ofta endast dollar, alternativt USA-dollar, är den officiella valutan i USA.Den ges ut av USA:s centralbank – Federal Reserve (FRB) – och är även officiell valuta i Ecuador, El Salvador, Östtimor med flera länder (se valutaunion).Amerikansk dollar används också ofta som reservvaluta utanför USA. Some examples: Some mass nouns can be pluralized, but the meaning in this case may change somewhat.
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